why does Africa have straight political borders
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It’s all about the permafrost, man. I’ve seen some pretty harsh landscapes in my time, but the tundra is something else entirely. The ground down there stays frozen almost all year round, and that solid layer of ice just stops roots from digging deep enough. Trees need a good, stable foundation to grow tall and sturdy, but in the tundra, their roots just hit a brick wall of ice.
Plus, the growing season is ridiculously short up there. Even when the top layer of soil thaws out a bit during the summer, it’s not for long enough to let a tree actually develop. It’s super windy and cold too, which would just snap any tall branches that tried to push their luck. You mostly just see mosses, lichens, and those tiny shrubs that stay low to the ground to keep from getting shredded by the elements.
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It's basically all about that permafrost layer under the ground. In my travels, I've seen some pretty harsh environments, and the tundra is definitely one of them. The soil stays frozen year-round just a few inches down, so the roots can't really dig in deep enough to support a full-grown tree. Even if a seed manages to sprout, it gets pushed right out of the ground when the top layer of soil freezes and thaws, a process we call frost heaving. It's like the ground itself is rejecting them.
Plus, those winds up there are brutal. Trees need to be able to stand their ground, but in the open tundra, the wind chill and the lack of moisture make it impossible for them to survive. It’s too dry and the growing season is just way too short. You might see some low-lying shrubs or mosses that hug the dirt to stay out of the wind, but anything tall just doesn't stand a chance against that climate.
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