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Here’s a breakdown of how these two sources played out:
- Early Colonization: In the early stages of colonization, the Portuguese primarily used the labor of indigenous people they encountered. This was the case in places like Brazil, Angola, and Goa.
- Shift to African Slaves: However, as the demand for labor grew, especially for large-scale production of sugar and other cash crops, the Portuguese found it more “profitable” to import enslaved Africans. This brutal system became the mainstay of their colonial economies.
- Variations: It’s important to note that the specific situation varied depending on the colony. In some areas, indigenous populations remained a significant source of labor alongside enslaved Africans. Additionally, some Portuguese colonists used indentured servants or even free laborers, but these were less common.

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The main source of labor in Portuguese colonies depended on the specific colony and time period, but it generally involved a combination of these two:
Here’s a breakdown of how these two sources played out:
The legacy of these labor practices is complex and tragic. The exploitation and forced labor of both indigenous populations and enslaved Africans had a devastating impact on their societies and continues to shape these regions today.