computer programming in second generation computer was carried out in

In second-generation computers, which emerged in the late 1950s and lasted through the mid-1960s, computer programming was primarily carried out using low-level programming languages such as assembly language and machine language.

1. Assembly Language: Assembly language is a low-level programming language that closely corresponds to machine code instructions. Programmers write code using mnemonics that represent machine instructions and symbolic addresses. Assembly language is specific to the architecture of the computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and provides more control over hardware resources compared to higher-level languages.

2. Machine Language: Machine language is the lowest-level programming language consisting of binary code that directly controls the computer’s hardware. Each instruction in machine language corresponds to a specific operation that the CPU can perform. Programmers write machine language instructions directly in binary or hexadecimal format.